Условие без if: had I known, should you need, unless, provided that

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Had I known и Should you need: как работает инверсия условия

В нереальном условии в прошлом if заменяют на Had, и подлежащее встаёт после него: "Had I known about the meeting, I would have come". О настоящем и будущем так говорят через Should: "Should you need help, call me" значит то же, что "If you need help, call me". С Were инверсия работает со связкой и в пассиве: "Were it not for you, we would be late". В разговоре эти фразы звучат сухо, их место в письмах, объявлениях, договорах.

• Had I known, I would have called.Знай я заранее, я бы позвонил.
• Should you need anything, just ask.Если тебе что-нибудь понадобится, просто попроси.
• Were it not for the traffic, we'd be on time.Если бы не пробки, мы бы не опаздывали.

Unless и otherwise: «если не» и «иначе»

Unless значит «если не» и присоединяет утвердительный глагол: "Unless you hurry, we'll miss the train". Второе not после него не нужно. После unless идёт настоящее время, даже когда речь о будущем: "Unless it rains, we'll walk". Там, где условие только называется и ничего не исключается, нужен if: "I'll be surprised if he doesn't come" звучит нормально, а "I'll be surprised unless he comes" нет. Otherwise ставят во вторую часть и читают как «иначе»: "Write it down, otherwise you'll forget".

• Unless you hurry, we'll miss the train.Если не поторопишься, мы опоздаем на поезд.
• Take a jacket, otherwise you'll freeze.Возьми куртку, иначе замёрзнешь.
• We'll walk unless it rains.Мы пойдём пешком, если не будет дождя.

Provided that, as long as, on condition that: «при условии, что»

Эти союзы вводят условие, которое должно выполняться. Provided that и providing that звучат официально, as long as нейтрален и част в речи, on condition that встречается в договорах и правилах. После них идёт целое предложение с подлежащим и глаголом: "Provided that the payment clears, we ship on Friday". Существительное после них не ставят. У as long as есть второе значение, «до тех пор пока»: "You can stay as long as you like".

• You can go out as long as you're back by ten.Можешь пойти погулять, если вернёшься к десяти.
• Provided that the payment clears, we ship on Friday.При условии, что платёж пройдёт, мы отправим в пятницу.

But for: «если бы не» перед существительным

But for ставят перед существительным или местоимением: "But for the rain, we'd walk to the beach". Целое предложение с глаголом после него не поставить, для такого случая есть if: "If it weren't for the noise, I'd sleep". По смыслу but for равно if it were not for и звучит книжно. В прошлом за ним идёт would have: "But for your help, I would have failed". В разговоре чаще скажут "if it wasn't for".

• But for the rain, we'd walk to the beach.Если бы не дождь, мы бы пошли на пляж пешком.
• But for your help, I would have failed.Если бы не твоя помощь, я бы провалился.

Частые ошибки

Упражнения с ответами

1. Выбери правильный вариант

   • Were it not the traffic, we would have arrived on time.
   • Was it not for the traffic, we would have arrived on time.
   • Were it not for the traffic, we would have arrived on time.
   Ответ

   Were it not for the traffic, we would have arrived on time. Were it not for значит «если бы не».

2. Выбери правильный вариант

   • Had I known you were ill, I would have visited.
   • Have I known you were ill, I would have visited.
   • Had I knew you were ill, I would have visited.
   Ответ

   Had I known you were ill, I would have visited. Had плюс known, нереальное прошлое без if.

3. _____ it not for your help, I would have failed.

   Если бы не твоя помощь, я бы провалился.

   • Were
   • Had
   • Was
   Ответ

   Were Оборот Were it not for ставится без if.

4. Should you _____ help with your bags, ask the driver.

   Если тебе нужна помощь с сумками, спроси водителя.

   • needed
   • will need
   • need
   Ответ

   need После Should глагол в базовой форме.

5. Найди ошибку: Had I knew about the sale, I would have bought the jacket.

   Ответ

   Had I known about the sale, I would have bought the jacket. После Had ставим known, не knew.

6. Найди ошибку: Was it not for your map, we would have got lost.

   Ответ

   Were it not for your map, we would have got lost. Оборот Were it not for: Was неверно.

7. Переведи: Знай я его номер, я бы позвонил ему.

   Ответ

   Had I known his number, I would have called him. Можно и так: Had I known his number, I'd have called him.

8. Переведи: Если бы не твоя помощь, я бы не закончил.

   Ответ

   Were it not for your help, I would not have finished. Можно и так: Were it not for your help, I wouldn't have finished. If it weren't for your help, I wouldn't have finished.

Уроки темы

1. Had I known, Should you need
2. Unless, provided that, as long as

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